Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group e. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part d. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group c.
This convention establishes "genocide” as an international crime, which signatory nations “undertake to prevent and punish.” It defines genocide as:Įnocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:Ī. On December 9, 1948, in the shadow of the Holocaust and in no small part due to the tireless efforts of Lemkin himself, the United Nations approved the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. They were only considered crimes when their connection with other crimes could be established.” -Unpublished memoir of Raphael Lemkin The Crime of Genocide Crimes against humanity were not an independent category of crimes in themselves. “he allies decided in Nuremberg a case against a past Hitler, but refused to envisage future Hitlers, or like situations … In brief, the Germans were punished only for crimes committed during or in connection with the war of aggression. Noting that the term denoted "an old practice in its modern development," Lemkin defined genocide as "a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves." The next year, the International Military Tribunal held at Nuremberg, Germany, charged top Nazis with "crimes against humanity." The word “genocide” was included in the indictment, but as a descriptive, not legal, term. He formed the word by combining geno-, from the Greek word for race or tribe, with - cide, from the Latin word for killing.
In 1944, Polish Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959) coined the term "genocide" in a book documenting Nazi policies of systematically destroying national and ethnic groups, including the mass murder of European Jews. Human rights, as laid out in the US Bill of Rights or the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, concern the rights of individuals. It is a very specific term, referring to violent crimes committed against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. The term " genocide" did not exist before 1944.